Understanding the Schumann Resonance involves a combination of atmospheric physics, electromagnetic phenomena, and potential influences on biological systems. Ongoing research continues to help get the Schumann Resonance explained, and to deepen our understanding of this intriguing aspect of the Earth's natural …Schumann resonance transients which propagate around the globe can potentially generate a correlated background in widely separated gravitational wave detectors. We show that due to the distribution of lightning hotspots around the globe these transients have characteristic time lags, and this feature can be useful to further …Anomalies of Schumann resonances as observed near Nagoya associated with two huge (M∼7) Tohoku offshore earthquakes in 2021 Author links open overlay panel M. Hayakawa a b , J. Izutsu c , A. Yu Schekotov d , A.P. Nickolaenko e , YuP.Schumann resonance amplitudes have also been determined with high time resolution (~52 values/hour; each of them from time windows of 40 s) by Sátori et al. . Between sunrise in the ionosphere and on the ground, and during all seasons, sudden frequency-dependent increases (12-25 %) were observed in the amplitudes of the first …Mar 16, 2022 · Long term analysis of the Schumann resonance (SR) records at Sierra Nevada, from March 2013 to February 2017. The results obtained partially confirm the general aspects of the long-term evolution of the SRs, but new aspects appear. Recent results on the influence of the El Niño phenomenon and the solar cycle on the SRs are confirmed May 22, 1992 · The Schumann resonance, a global electromagnetic phenomenon, is shown to be a sensitive measure of temperature fluctuations in the tropical atmosphere. The link between Schumann resonance and temperature is lightning flash rate, which increases nonlinearly with temperature in the interaction between deep convection and ice microphysics. Die Schumann Resonanz. Winfried Schumann berechnete aus Linien mit geringer Intensität und extrem niedriger Frequenz, gemessen in Hz, diese Resonanzen. Daher der Name Schumann Resonanz.Diese Daten der Messungen wurden 1954 mit seinem Mitarbeiter veröffentlicht. Bekanntermaßen sind diese Messungen und …DC 5V Schumann Resonance 7.83HZ Ultra-Low Frequency Pulse Generator Schumann Wave Generator Audio Resonator for Relax Sleep, Improving Body's Perception of Sound and Images. 3.3 out of 5 stars. 28. $34.99 $ 34. 99. Typical: $36.99 $36.99. 5% coupon applied at checkout Save 5% with coupon.This is known as the SCHUMANN RESONANCE, discovered by Winfried Otto Schumann in 1952. -The SCHUMANN RESONANCE is not constant. It varies from 7 Hz to 8 Hz, even throughout the day, based on cosmic and environmental influences. -The frequency of 432 Hz resonates with that of the Schumann resonance. Therefore, some argue that we …The Schumann Resonance (SR) is also known as the Schumann Frequency. This consists of naturally occurring, extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves that inhabit the space above the …Aquí nos gustaría mostrarte una descripción, pero el sitio web que estás mirando no lo permite.The Schumann resonance refers to a set of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic resonances that occur in the Earth’s atmosphere. These resonances are named after the German physicist Winfried ...1.3 Experimental Evidences of Schumann Resonance Phenomenon. Experimental evidences of Schumann Resonance phenomena came later. Gradually more realistic analytical models were developed on the basis of (A) the in-homogeneities due to asymmetry of the day and night time ionosphere, (B) variations of conductivity of the …Schumann resonance (SR) is an electromagnetic extremely low frequency (ELF) phenomenon that occurs in the natural cavity formed by the Earth's surface and …The Schumann Resonance (SR) is also known as the Schumann Frequency. This consists of naturally occurring, extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves that inhabit the space above the …Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. This global electromagnetic resonance phenomenon is named after physicist Winfried Otto Schumann who predicted it mathematically in 1952. Schumann …Scientific explanation . There is evidence that Schumann resonance, an electromagnetic vibration in the atmosphere, plays a role in healing and health. Below you will find the evidence and explanations. The pineal gland is sensitive to electromagnetic fields in the ELF (extremely low frequency, 1-100 Hz) range.Understanding the Schumann Resonance involves a combination of atmospheric physics, electromagnetic phenomena, and potential influences on biological systems. Ongoing research continues to help get the Schumann Resonance explained, and to deepen our understanding of this intriguing aspect of the Earth's natural …The Schumann Resonances (ScR) are Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic resonances in the Earth-ionosphere cavity excited by global lightning discharges. This natural electromagnetic noise ...Aquí nos gustaría mostrarte una descripción, pero el sitio web que estás mirando no lo permite.Schumann was studying the resonant properties of a hollow metal sphere when he began to notice that the electromagnetic waves he was measuring had a specific frequency of around 7.83 Hz. Further research confirmed his findings, revealing that this frequency was the earth's natural frequency or the Schumann Resonance. We don't know, but it makes sense that it could be if the first harmonic at 14 Hz started to resonate, for whatever reason, more strongly than the fundamental. The Schumann Resonance is the resonance of low frequency electromagnetic waves bouncing around in the earth, with the earth being the active resonant chamber. May 6, 2020 · Please Share, Like and Subscribe! 😊 👍 What creates the Schumann Resonances? Where are they? How are they measured? Lots of images and information in a shor... The Schumann resonances represent the harmonic tuning of the “chamber”, which is the atmospheric cavity bounded by conductive surfaces (the ground and the ionosphere). These resonances were defined as 7.83 Hz as the primary frequency, with mathematical multiples across the spectrum, and seasonal fluctuations are seen in the data tracked ...Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances produced and excited by natural lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth’s surface and the ionosphere. Schumann Resonance generators can produce the same beneficial frequency. Schumann Resonance 7.83Hz diagram. For the last 200+ thousands of years, humans have been ...Schumann Resonance. 76,050 likes · 16,523 talking about this. Schumann Resonance • Structured Water • Hertz Frequencies • MemesThe Schumann Resonance is a natural phenomenon related to electromagnetic resonances occurring in the Earth's atmosphere. The primary frequency …Some of the waves - if they have just the right wavelength - combine, increasing in strength, to create a repeating atmospheric heartbeat known as Schumann resonance. This resonance provides a useful tool …The Schumann Resonance is a ultra-low frequency of electromagnetic radiation (light) with a peak frequency of 7.83 Hz. In this video discover how the Schuman...The Schumann Resonance is the resonance of low frequency electromagnetic waves bouncing around in the earth, with the earth being the active resonant chamber. Success …The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. Description The global …Section snippets Wave propagation in the cavity. The Schumann eigenfrequencies are derived from the resonance condition of a cavity. The resonant angular frequency of a thin spherical cavity is written (Schumann, 1952) ω n = n (n + 1) c R, where n is an integer that identifies the eigenmode, c the velocity of light in the medium …Help support this channel on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crysknife007Tired of the ads and want this on your music player?Get the sound here: https://che...The remarkably effective RR-888 treats the room. It assists in creating a volume of air that better helps audio reach its potential. Absent the RR-888 or IPC array, the audio system, albeit good, is impeded. To say it again, the RR-888 creates – or, better, allows for – an enriched and expansive soundfield.A long-lived, globally available natural ULF/ELF signal, the Schumann Resonance signal, was investigated as the possible plausible biophysical mechanism for the observedS-GMA effects. It is found that the Schumann Resonance signal is extremely highly correlated with S-GMA indices of sunspot number and the Kp index.GCMS Magnetometer. Schumann Resonances Power. View live data from GCI’s Global Coherence Monitoring System, a worldwide network of magnetometers that collect a continuous stream of data from the earth’s magnetic field. The Global Coherence Initiative is an international effort that seeks to help activate the heart of humanity and promote ...We reasoned that if this resonance pattern within the human brain was normally distributed, certain individuals should show elevations in the spectral density of the Schumann resonance. Thus, we computed a measure of Schumann intensity by multiplying the spectral density of the mean of 7–8 Hz, 13–14 Hz and 19–20 Hz spectral …We report results from the experiment aimed at the artificial excitation of extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves with frequencies corresponding to the frequency of Schumann resonance (typically, 7.5 - 8.0 Hz frequency range). Electromagnetic waves with these frequencies can form a standing pattern inside the spherical cavity formed by …An artist’s rendering shows a simplified diagram of Schumann resonances. Credit: NASA. The waves combine and amplify each other, producing an electromagnetic effect known as a Schumann resonance.The Schumann Resonance has the same frequency—recall 7.83 Hz—as these brainwaves, signaling that Earth's natural frequency can be a state of relaxation for us. However, with all the technology and activity that disrupts that frequency, we don’t really get to enjoy that natural activity.View live data from GCI's Global Coherence Monitoring System, a worldwide network of magnetometers that collect a continuous stream of data from the earth's magnetic field. The Global Coherence Initiative is an international effort that seeks to help activate the heart of humanity and promote peace, harmony and a shift in global consciousness. GCI …Feb 14, 2021 · The Schumann Resonance is a ultra-low frequency of electromagnetic radiation (light) with a peak frequency of 7.83 Hz. In this video discover how the Schuman... Aug 16, 2023 · the actual Schumann resonances have been found to occur at 7.83 Hz for the fundamental frequency, and then increase by somewhere between 6.2-6.5 Hz for each “overtone” above that fundamental ... 1.3 Experimental Evidences of Schumann Resonance Phenomenon. Experimental evidences of Schumann Resonance phenomena came later. Gradually more realistic analytical models were developed on the basis of (A) the in-homogeneities due to asymmetry of the day and night time ionosphere, (B) variations of conductivity of the …Schumann Resonance. 76,050 likes · 16,523 talking about this. Schumann Resonance • Structured Water • Hertz Frequencies • MemesMay 22, 1992 · The Schumann resonance, a global electromagnetic phenomenon, is shown to be a sensitive measure of temperature fluctuations in the tropical atmosphere. The link between Schumann resonance and temperature is lightning flash rate, which increases nonlinearly with temperature in the interaction between deep convection and ice microphysics. The Schumann Resonance From Wikipedia: “The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth’s electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth’s surface …Schumann resonance transients which propagate around the globe can potentially generate a correlated background in widely separated gravitational wave detectors. We show that due to the distribution of lightning hotspots around the globe these transients have characteristic time lags, and this feature can be useful to further …Earth's Aura | Schumann Resonance + Ethereal Soundscapes to Calm your Mind.Schumann resonances occur because the space between the surface of the Earth and t...As these waves combine and strengthen, they create a global electromagnetic resonance. This phenomenon was first predicted in the 1950s by German physicist W.O. Schumann, and the first reliable measurements of it were made in the early 1960s. Since that time the phenomenon has proven useful in a variety of scientific studies.50 Years of Schumann Resonance. K. Schlegel, M. Füllekrug. Published 2007. Physics. In 1952 Winfried Otto Schumann, at that time Director of the Electrophysical Institute at the Technical University of Munich, published his first paper about electromagnetic waves in the waveguide which is formed by the earth's surface and the ionosphere.The Schumann Resonances are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field, which is similar to say that these pulses are the heartbeat of the planet. For this reason, most people will be extremely open to conduct these waves of Electromagnetic Signaling through their Bio-Neurology that ...The “Schumann Resonance”, defined in brief, deals with a set of spectrum peaks as lightning strikes our planet and proceeds to activate its inner core and outer field. This lightning happens daily and is not merely the result of thunderstorms occurring on our planet. The lightning is electromagnetic vibrations driven by the Sun of our ...In the observed radiation spectrum, attributes of Schumann resonances were detected at frequencies of 7.83 Hz, 14.1 Hz, and 20.3 Hz. Researchers from HSE University, ...Aug 16, 2023 · the actual Schumann resonances have been found to occur at 7.83 Hz for the fundamental frequency, and then increase by somewhere between 6.2-6.5 Hz for each “overtone” above that fundamental ... German physicist Winifred Otto Schumann discovered the Schumann Resonance. The frequency of these resonances is 7.83 Hz which is also the frequency of alpha/theta …Screenshots. A quick snapshot of what is going on with the Earth's heartbeat, the Schumann Resonance! It's a simple App, but we've worked hard to make it great: - See what's going on with the Schumann …1.3 Experimental Evidences of Schumann Resonance Phenomenon. Experimental evidences of Schumann Resonance phenomena came later. Gradually more realistic analytical models were developed on the basis of (A) the in-homogeneities due to asymmetry of the day and night time ionosphere, (B) variations of conductivity of the …24 Hours Ago Now. ›› Global Consciousness Project. Top Bursts. Highs. Lows. Explore the heartbeat of the earth, discover our Schumann Resonance data collection (since 04/2021).And the human brain is not designed to operate at just the 40+ Hz range of brain wave frequencies. Indeed, there are multiple Schumann Resonances (7.83 Hz, 14 Hz, 21 Hz, 26 Hz, 33 Hz, 39 Hz, 45 Hz and 59 Hz), two of which are ALREADY focused in the 40 Hz range. These frequencies ALREADY cover the same basic range in which the human …May 12, 2023 · Indeed, the frequency varies over the course of a day as different parts of the earth are exposed to the sun — the oft-cited 7.83 Hz value actually wanders around 7.5 Hz to 8.3 Hz. All this is ... The Schumann Resonance Frequencies are plural. "This global electromagnetic resonance phenomenon is named after physicist Winfried Otto Schumann who predicted it mathematically in 1952. Schumann resonances occur because the space between the surface of the Earth and the conductive ionosphere acts as a closed waveguide. Understanding the Schumann Resonance. Often referred to as "Earth's heartbeat," the Schumann Resonance encompasses extremely low-frequency (ELF) quasi-standing electromagnetic waves. These waves resonate within the space between the Earth's surface and the ionosphere, creating a symphony of energy that permeates our planet. Decoding SR Graphs ... Schumann Resonance Updates With Marguerite . 26,442 likes · 9,615 talking about this. A gathering of beautiful souls sharing & watching the Schumann Resonance. Schumann Resonance Updates With Marguerite . 18,243 likes · 6,242 talking about this. A gathering of beautiful souls sharing ...Nov 10, 2018 · The Schumann Resonance is a global electromagnetic resonance named by physicist Winfried Otto Schumann who predicted it mathematically in 1952. The official description from Wikipedia is-. “The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth’s electromagnetic field spectrum. Abstract. The Schumann resonance, a global electromagnetic phenomenon, is shown to be a sensitive measure of temperature fluctuations in the tropical atmosphere. The link between Schumann resonance and temperature is lightning flash rate, which increases nonlinearly with temperature in the interaction between deep …The Schumann Resonances (ScR) are Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic resonances in the Earth-ionosphere cavity excited by global lightning discharges. This natural electromagnetic noise ...Abstract We present a study of the Schumann resonance (SR) regular variations (March 2013–February 2017) using the ground-based magnetometers from the Sierra Nevada station, Spain (37°02′N, 3°19′W). The study is based on the fitting parameters obtained by the Lorentzian fit, calculated for each 10-min intervalSchumann's resonance is a very low frequency electromagnetic wave (7.83Hz) turning around the Earth. The frequency of this wave is proportional to Earth's diameter and thickness of the ionosphere. In years 1950, Winfried Otto Schumann had evaluated the existence of this wave that has been measured ten years later.The Schumann Resonance is a global electromagnetic resonance named by physicist Winfried Otto Schumann who predicted it mathematically in 1952. The Schumann resonance is the pulse of …Abstract We present a study of the Schumann resonance (SR) regular variations (March 2013–February 2017) using the ground-based magnetometers from the Sierra Nevada station, Spain (37°02′N, 3°19′W). The study is based on the fitting parameters obtained by the Lorentzian fit, calculated for each 10-min intervalLightning produces electromagnetic fields and waves in all frequency ranges. In the extremely low frequency (ELF) range below 100 Hz, the global Schumann Resonances (SR) are excited at frequencies of 8 Hz, 14 Hz, 20 Hz, etc. This review is aimed at the reader generally unfamiliar with the Schumann Resonances. First some historical …Feb 22, 2022 · 100% Pure Schumann Resonance recorded on 2/22/22 🙏 Best with headphones :) !#schumann #schumannresonance #schumannfrequency #8hz This is a powerful 2/22/22 ... Schumann resonance. SR is a background stationary electromagnetic noise that propagates in the cavity between the earth surface and the lower boundary of the ionosphere at altitudes of 45–50 km, in the frequency range between 5 and 50 Hz [3,14,27–29]. The phenomenon was named after W.O. Schumann who first predicted and discussed it in 1950s . Schumann resonance. SR is a background stationary electromagnetic noise that propagates in the cavity between the earth surface and the lower boundary of the ionosphere at altitudes of 45–50 km, in the frequency range between 5 and 50 Hz [3,14,27–29]. The phenomenon was named after W.O. Schumann who first predicted and discussed it in 1950s . And the human brain is not designed to operate at just the 40+ Hz range of brain wave frequencies. Indeed, there are multiple Schumann Resonances (7.83 Hz, 14 Hz, 21 Hz, 26 Hz, 33 Hz, 39 Hz, 45 Hz and 59 Hz), two of which are ALREADY focused in the 40 Hz range. These frequencies ALREADY cover the same basic range in which the human … The Schumann resonance is a set of electromagnetic wave harmonics of ultra-low frequency (<100 Hz) that are created naturally on Earth by high-energy phenomenon such as lightning and solar energy events. The human brain generates brainwaves of the same frequency and amplitude as the Schumann resonance, and magnetosomes in the brain connect ... The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances …Effects of solar disturbances on human health. Following the work of Chizhevsky, various studies were performed to examine the effects of the sun on human health (reviewed recently in Ref. []).For instance, data from 6.3 million diagnoses made following a request for an ambulance in Moscow during three years of high solar activity …Schumann Resonance. 76,050 likes · 16,523 talking about this. Schumann Resonance • Structured Water • Hertz Frequencies • MemesSchumann Resonance. Key Takeaways. The Schumann Resonances are a set of frequencies produced by electromagnetic waves in Earth's lower ionosphere. The …Electromagnetic discharges in the Earth-ionosphere cavity, which theoretically assumed concentric spheres with perfectly conducting walls, generate extremely low frequency (ELF) noises, e.g. 10.6, 18.3, 25.9, 33.5 Hz (Madden and Thompson 1965 ), known as Schumann resonances (SR) (Schumann 1952 ).Aquí nos gustaría mostrarte una descripción, pero el sitio web que estás mirando no lo permite.Scientific explanation . There is evidence that Schumann resonance, an electromagnetic vibration in the atmosphere, plays a role in healing and health. Below you will find the evidence and explanations. The pineal gland is sensitive to electromagnetic fields in the ELF (extremely low frequency, 1-100 Hz) range.The fundamental Schumann resonance is at approximately 7.83 Hz, the frequency at which the wavelength equals the circumference of the Earth, and higher harmonics occur at 14.1, 20.3, 26.4, and 32.4 Hz, etc. Lightning strikes excite these resonances, causing the Earth–ionosphere cavity to "ring" like a bell, resulting in a peak in the noise ... allowing the Schumann resonance standing waves to exist[2]. The Schumann resonances propagate in the horizontal direction with a vertical electric eld and horizontal magnetic eld[3]. Vertical antennas and horizontally aligned magnetometers are used to detect the electric eld and magnetic eld components of the Schumann resonances[4]. The ... Schumann resonance. SR is a background stationary electromagnetic noise that propagates in the cavity between the earth surface and the lower boundary of the ionosphere at altitudes of 45–50 km, in the frequency range between 5 and 50 Hz [3,14,27–29]. The phenomenon was named after W.O. Schumann who first predicted and discussed it in 1950s .
Schumann resonance (SR) is an electromagnetic resonance phenomenon in the Earth–ionosphere cavity exited by global lightning activities when the wavelength matches the circumference of the Earth, and the lowest four peak frequencies of SR are about 8, 14, 20, and 26 Hz. This article presents the new observational data of SR in …. Chime log in
Stream 7.83 Hz Schumann Resonance (Music with Theta Waves Binaural Beats) by Gaia Meditation on desktop and mobile. Play over 320 million tracks for free on SoundCloud.A long-lived, globally available natural ULF/ELF signal, the Schumann Resonance signal, was investigated as the possible plausible biophysical mechanism for the observed S-GMA effects. It is found that the Schumann Resonance signal is extremely highly correlated with S-GMA indices of sunspot number and the Kp index.Scientific explanation . There is evidence that Schumann resonance, an electromagnetic vibration in the atmosphere, plays a role in healing and health. Below you will find the evidence and explanations. The pineal gland is sensitive to electromagnetic fields in the ELF (extremely low frequency, 1-100 Hz) range.1.3 Experimental Evidences of Schumann Resonance Phenomenon. Experimental evidences of Schumann Resonance phenomena came later. Gradually more realistic analytical models were developed on the basis of (A) the in-homogeneities due to asymmetry of the day and night time ionosphere, (B) variations of conductivity of the …Schumann resonances, which can be observed around 7.8, 14, 20, 26, 33, 39 and 45 Hz (Nikolaenko and Hayakwa, 2014).Schumann was studying the resonant properties of a hollow metal sphere when he began to notice that the electromagnetic waves he was measuring had a specific frequency of around 7.83 Hz. Further research confirmed his findings, revealing that this frequency was the earth's natural frequency or the Schumann Resonance.Because of these experiments, we understand that it is not simply exposure to light, but also exposure to the earth's Schumann Resonance that contributes to a healthy day/night pattern. This helps to make sense of why connecting to the global electrical grid at night — via grounding — helps to normalize sleep at night and boost daytime …The Schumann Resonances (ScR) are Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic resonances in the Earth-ionosphere cavity excited by global lightning discharges. This natural electromagnetic noise ...A long-lived, globally available natural ULF/ELF signal, the Schumann Resonance signal, was investigated as the possible plausible biophysical mechanism for the observed S-GMA effects. It is found that the Schumann Resonance signal is extremely highly correlated with S-GMA indices of sunspot number and the Kp index.Schumann resonances are almost always visible at night. During the daytime the signal from a single track railway line, which runs 4 km from the monitoring station, prevails. A few kilometres away there is also ...Share your videos with friends, family, and the worldThe remarkably effective RR-888 treats the room. It assists in creating a volume of air that better helps audio reach its potential. Absent the RR-888 or IPC array, the audio system, albeit good, is impeded. To say it again, the RR-888 creates – or, better, allows for – an enriched and expansive soundfield.Schumann's Resonance 7.83 Hz - Isochronic Tones Embedded Into Relaxing Nature Sounds & Music . Binaural Institute. NEW AGE · 2012 . Preview. September 1, 2012 8 Songs, 2 hours, 30 minutes ℗ 2012 Binaural Institute. Also available in the iTunes Store . More By Binaural Institute .Nov 10, 2018 · The Schumann Resonance is a global electromagnetic resonance named by physicist Winfried Otto Schumann who predicted it mathematically in 1952. The official description from Wikipedia is-. “The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth’s electromagnetic field spectrum. Thunderstorms on Earth produce around 50 lightning flashes per second, generating electromagnetic waves that circle the Earth between the surface and the ion...The Schumann resonance refers to a set of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic resonances that occur in the Earth’s atmosphere. These resonances are named after the German physicist Winfried ...The Schumann resonances represent the harmonic tuning of the “chamber”, which is the atmospheric cavity bounded by conductive surfaces (the ground and the ionosphere). These resonances were defined as 7.83 Hz as the primary frequency, with mathematical multiples across the spectrum, and seasonal fluctuations are seen in the data tracked ...Schumann resonance transients which propagate around the globe can potentially generate a correlated background in widely separated gravitational wave detectors. We show that due to the distribution of lightning hotspots around the globe these transients have characteristic time lags, and this feature can be useful to further ….