Ap frq 2023 - 2023-24 AP School Year Timeline; AP Collaborations and Outreach; What AP Stands For; How AP Develops Courses and Exams; AP Data and Research; ... One of the 3 free-response questions will include an experimental or lab-based component. Questions will assess all 7 of the science practices: visual representations, question and method ...

 
Free-Response Questions. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info .... Todays weather philly

Each force must be represented by a distinct arrow starting on, and pointing away from, the point of application on the sphere. (d) Derive an expression for each of the following as the sphere is rotating and sliding between points and in. A B. terms of v0 , m, R, t, and physical constants as appropriate.AP® Calculus AB Scoring Statistics 2023 Free-Response Questions. Question. Mean. Standard Deviation. Number of Possible Points. 3.79. 2.57.Sample: 3A Score: 5. Part (a): 1 point. The response earned the point for part (a) because the response calculates total fixed cost as $72 and shows the work. Part (b): 1 point. The response earned the point in part (b) because the response identifies a price of $14 and a quantity of 6. Part (c): 1 point.The AP German Language and Culture Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Section IA: Multiple Choice. 30 Questions | 40 Minutes| 23% of Score. Interpretive Communication: Print Texts. This section consists of a variety of authentic print ...Solutions to 2023 AP Calculus BC Free Response Questions. Louis A. Talman, Ph. D. Emeritus Professor of Mathematics Metropolitan State University of Denver.The AP Macroeconomics Exam includes two sections. The first section contains 60 multiple-choice questions. The second section is the free-response section, which includes one long question and two short questions. Below is a detailed breakdown of both the multiple choice and free-response sections. Starting with the 2023 exam, a four-function ...May 15, 2023 ... This is an attempted solution to the 2023 AP Physics 1 FRQ Set 1.. If you want more content or practice, please feel free to visit my TPT ...This is a full set of answers I have written for the 2023 AP® US Government and Politics Free Response Questions (FRQs). These answers are reflective of both my own …AP® Macroeconomics Scoring Statistics 2023 Free-Response Questions Set 1. Question. Mean. Standard Deviation. Number of Possible Points. 4.71. 3.10. 10.AP ® United States History 2023 Free-Response Questions . UNITED STATES HISTORY SECTION II . Total Time—1 hour and 40 minutes . Question 1 (Document-Based Question) Suggested reading and writing time: 1 hour . It is suggested that you spend 15 minutes reading the documents and 45 minutes writing your response. calculated value: 0.00250 mol CH 3 NH 3 Cl × 67.52 g. 1 mol. = 0.169 g. (b) For a correct description of step 1: Accept one of the following: Use the spatula, balance, and weighing paper to measure out exactly 0.169 g of CH 3 NH 3 Cl( s ) . Use the balance to weigh out the mass of solid in part (a). 3 Questions | 45 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score. One of the 3 free-response questions will include an experimental or lab-based component. Questions will assess all 7 of the science practices: visual representations, question and method, representing data and phenomena, data analysis, theoretical relationships, mathematical routines, and ...May 9, 2023 ... In this video, Mr. Krug takes your questions and comments about the free-response section of the 2023 AP Chemistry exam.2022 AP Exam Free Response Solutions. Updated: Jul 14, 2023. Here's my own PDF solutions for the 2022 AP exams. I only do AP Calculus, Statistics, and Physics.: If you're looking for help in AP Physics 1, check out a new course I've put together here AP Statistics AP Calculus AB/BC AP Physics 1 AP Physics 2 AP Physics C: Mechanics Set 1 Set 2 ...2023年AP宏观经济学已于5月4日星期四举行完毕，目前CB官网也已经放出了AP宏观经济学考试FRQ真题，今天考而思惟世老师为大家分享一下2023年宏观经济学考试FRQ真题及答案讲解，赶紧来看!. 整体而言，两套FRQ大部分的题目考查形式和难度都与以往题目相差不远，但其中Set 1难度略高于Set 2，前者考查 ...AP Physics 1 Score Calculator. To estimate your potential score on the AP® Physics 1 exam, adjust the sliders below to reflect your performance on the multiple-choice section and the five free-response questions. The score calculator's curve is based on the most recently available scoring guidelines. Section I: Part A - Multiple Choice. 25 /50.Exam Format. The AP Latin Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and rubrics every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Students will need to analyze the effects of language usage and stylistic features, supporting their argument using relevant evidence from the texts and readings in English. AP ® World History: Modern 2023 Free-Response Questions “It was by the grace of God, glory be to Him, that He came to the rescue of Islam, by reviving its last breath and restoring in Egypt the unity of the Muslims [in the mid-thirteenth century]. He did this by sending the Score Distributions. Sample Responses Q1. Sample Responses Q2. Sample Responses Q3. Sample Responses Q4. Sample Responses Q5. Sample Responses Q6. Sample Responses Q7. Download free-response questions from past AP Chemistry exams, along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions.2023-24 AP School Year Timeline; AP Collaborations and Outreach; What AP Stands For; How AP Develops Courses and Exams; AP Data and Research; ... 2023: Free-Response Questions. Questions Scoring Samples and Commentary; Free-Response Questions - Set 1. Free-Response Questions - Set 2. Scoring Guidelines - …EIN-4.B.1, 4 more... Original free-response prompts for AP® Environmental Science that mimic the questions found on the real exam. Our expert authors also provide an exemplary response for each AP free response question so students can better understand what AP graders look for.AP® Microeconomics 2023 Free-Response Questions. 2. Keepdry produces and sells rain jackets in a perfectly competitive product market at the price of per jacket. $5. and hires all the workers it needs in a perfectly competitive labor market at the wage rate of . Labor is the.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Let’s take a look at the first set of Free Response Questions for the 2023 AP Lang Exam. Question 1: The Synthesis Essay. Historically, this essay has earned the highest global average score. However with the new 6-point rubric that was introduced in 2019, the global average scores for both the synthesis essay and the rhetorical analysis have ...Each force must be represented by a distinct arrow starting on, and pointing away from, the point of application on the sphere. (d) Derive an expression for each of the following as the sphere is rotating and sliding between points and in. A B. terms of v0 , m, R, t, and physical constants as appropriate.The AP Music Theory Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Section I: Multiple Choice. 75 Questions | ~1 Hour 20 Minutes | 45% of Exam Score. Approximately 13 sets of 4-6 questions. Approximately 10-12 individual multiple-choice questions.Exam Format. The AP Latin Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and rubrics every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Students will need to analyze the effects of language usage and stylistic features, supporting their argument using relevant evidence from the texts and readings in English.essentially correct (E), partially correct (P), or incorrect (I). The response is then categorized based on the scores assigned to each letter part and awarded an integer score between 0 and 4 (see the table at the endTwo-Sample Approach: A response that indicates that the distribution of irritability scores for each of the two samples, placebo AND omega-3, are not badly skewed may satisfy component 2. If the response correctly reports the value of the t-statistic. as 2.256, then the response may satisfy component 3.Scoring Note: The relationship does not need to be defined to earn this point. Example Response. 1 point. (a)(iii) For a correct selection with an attempt at a relevant justification, or a selection and justification consistent with the response in part (a)(ii) For indicating that the spring force is the net force.After 1 hour and 20 minutes, say: There are 10 minutes remaining. After 10 more minutes, say: Stop working and put your pencil down. Close your exam booklet and put your answer sheet faceup on your desk. Make sure your AP ID label and AP Exam label are on your answer sheet. Sit quietly while I collect your answer sheets.We turn to O HOLISTIC ONE for some insight on what we will see on the free response questions for the 2024 AP Statistics Exam. top of page ... so the 2021 Exam, 2022 …AP Psychology Student Samples from the 2023 Exam Administration. Question 1: Concept Application. 7 points. General Considerations. Answers must be cogent enough for the meaning to come through. Spelling and grammatical mistakes do not reduce a score, but spelling must be close enough so that the reader is convinced of the word.AP® Physics C: Mechanics Scoring Statistics 2023 Free-Response Questions Set 2. Question. Mean. Standard Deviation. Number of Possible Points. 8.72. 4.07. 15.AP® Environmental Science Scoring Statistics 2023 Free-Response Questions Set 1. Question. Mean. Standard Deviation. Number of Possible Points. 5.14. 2.11. 10.AP® Calculus AB Scoring Statistics 2023 Free-Response Questions. Question. Mean. Standard Deviation. Number of Possible Points. 3.79. 2.57.The AP Chemistry Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Starting with the 2023 exam, a scientific or graphing calculator is recommended for use on both sections of the exam. Section I: Multiple Choice. 60 Questions | 1 Hour 30 minutes | 50% of ...AP ® World History: Modern 2023 Free-Response Questions "We consider Buddhists to be a direct threat. For over 1500 years, Buddhism has been spreading in our kingdom, yet neither happiness nor profit has been gained. This is recorded in the historical books, which Your Majesty has certainly studied thoroughly.We turn to O HOLISTIC ONE for some insight on what we will see on the free response questions for the 2024 AP Statistics Exam. top of page ... so the 2021 Exam, 2022 …AP Physics 1 Score Calculator. To estimate your potential score on the AP® Physics 1 exam, adjust the sliders below to reflect your performance on the multiple-choice section and the five free-response questions. The score calculator's curve is based on the most recently available scoring guidelines. Section I: Part A - Multiple Choice. 25 /50.This AP Biology Review Guide is a BEAST, but it walks through the entire Course & Exam Description (CED) with I can statements, questions, and practice multiple choice/free response for each unit. Plus, new this year - explanations for all of the multiple choice questions. ... ap_review_calendar_2022-2023.pdf: File Size: 378 kb: File Type: pdf:Chief Reader Report on Student Responses: 2023 AP. French Language and Culture Free-Response Questions. • Number of Readers 163. Total Group. • Number of Students Scored 18,655 • Exam ScoreScore Distribution N %At 5 2,467 13.22 4 4,677 25.07 3 6,790 36.40 2 3,686 19.76 1 1,035 5.55 • 3.21Global Mean. Standard Group*.AP ® Macroeconomics 2023 Free-Response Questions 3. Assume that in the country of Zeta, the civilian noninstitutional population aged 16 and over is 1,000,000. The labor force participation rate is 70%, the unemployment rate is 9%, and the natural rate of unemployment is 5%. (a) Calculate the number of people in Zeta that are unemployed. Show ...The AP Calculus BC Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Section I: Multiple Choice. 45 Questions | 1 Hour 45 minutes | 50% of Exam Score. Part A: 30 questions; 60 minutes (calculator not permitted). Part B: 15 questions; 45 minutes …The upcoming blockbuster is one of the highest-rated trilogy films ever. From The Godfather, Part III to Matrix Revolutions, there’s a long history of otherwise great trilogies dis... If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. Expand All. Collapse All. 2023: Free-Response Questions. 2023: Free-Response Questions. Questions. Facebook lets you list as much -- or as little -- personal information as you want on your profile page. For instance, you can add a list of all of your family members, including y...2023 College Board. 3. A bottle of milk is taken out of a refrigerator and placed in a pan of hot water to be warmed. The increasing. function M models the temperature of the milk at time t, where M(t) is measured in degrees Celsius ( ) °C. and t is the number of minutes since the bottle was placed in the pan.Summary: The Best AP® US History Review Guide of 2024. We've covered much in this 2024 AP® US History exam review guide. Here are some of the key takeaways: Study every period, but know Periods 3-8 cold, since they are worth the most! Free Response questions are 60% of your grade, so make sure you take plenty of time to practice them.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected] free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...This is a full set of answers I have written for the 2023 AP® US Government and Politics Free Response Questions (FRQs). These answers are reflective of both my own experience teaching the course and additional feedback very generously provided to me by colleagues who read the initial draft. One sample response is provided for each item for ...AP ® World History: Modern 2023 Free-Response Questions “We consider Buddhists to be a direct threat. For over 1500 years, Buddhism has been spreading in our kingdom, yet neither happiness nor profit has been gained. This is recorded in the historical books, which Your Majesty has certainly studied thoroughly.Updated: May 11, 2023. We're excited to once again share with you our early solutions to this year's AP Calc Free Response Questions. This year's solutions feature both the AB and BC questions! Note that questions 1, 3, and 4 were identical on both exams. We've listed all 6 AB questions first, and then the three BC only questions.What makes humans human? How are we different from the other great apes? Find out what makes humans human in this article from HowStuffWorks. Advertisement Scientists speculated in...2023-24 AP School Year Timeline; AP Collaborations and Outreach; What AP Stands For; How AP Develops Courses and Exams; AP Data and Research; ... One of the 3 free-response questions will include an experimental or lab-based component. Questions will assess all 7 of the science practices: visual representations, question and …In this video, Mr. Krug gives his walkthrough for FRQ Number 1 on the 2023 AP Chemistry Exam.00:00 Introduction00:47 Problem WalkthroughWrite your responses to this question only on the designated pages in the separate Free Response booklet. Write your solution to each part in the space provided for that part. 2023 College Board. 5. The graphs of the functions f and g are shown in the figure for 12. 0 £ x £ 3. It is known that g(x) =. 3 + x. for x .The first point was earned by successfully calculating the heat (q) absorbed by the solution (ENE-2.D, 5.F). The second point was earned by dividing q by the moles of CaCO3 reacted and applying the algebraic sign that is consistent with the response in part (f) (ENE-2.F, 5.F). Question 3 (continued) Sample: 3A.FRQ 2023 Thread! [deleted] ADMIN ... My teacher uses AP classroom but she says she can only release exams if she proctors them - which she isn't. Any resources would be a huge help! What is a good way to evaluate how good i am on the topics and how fit i am for the exam. u/Crate-Of-Loot.The AP Spanish Literature and Culture Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Students will have time to skim the questions for each set before listening to the audio. The interview and presentation will be played once; the recited poem will be played twice.The prompt will be specific. Try to tie the measurements you describe back to the calculation you need to make. The scoring guidelines are much broader than what is posted on the …Turns out getting to the patient is more expensive than curing them. The World Health Organization reportedly spent more money last year on traveling around the globe, than they di...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected] ® Italian Language and Culture 2023 Free-Response Questions . Fonte numero 1 . Introduzione . Questo testo tratta della costruzione di abitazioni sostenibili. L'articolo originale è stato pubblicato il 28 gennaio 2020 in Italia. È stato scritto dalla redazione di Affari&Finanza, una sezione del quotidiano . la Repubblica.1964. 1963. 1962. 1961. 1960. 2020 FRQs and ANSWERS. In 2020 the AP chemistry exam was COVID affected, and the exam was offered in an online format only, with approx. 30, different FRQs being used in various combinations in the exams. The questions that a particular teacher's students were given were released to that individual teacher, but ...United States Government and Politics 2023 Free-Response Questions. 1. In 2003, California’s Democratic governor Gray Davis’ popularity was decreasing due to a budget shortfall and an energy crisis that received widespread coverage in the news. As a result, Republicans in the state initiated a recall election of the governor by gathering ...AP; Advanced Placement Keywords: 2023 AP Exam Administration; Scoring Statistics; score information; scoring resources; exam information; exam resources; teacher resources; AP; Advanced Placement; non-ADA Created Date: 9/28/2023 5:13:43 PMThankfully for students this year, the College Board has updated the rubric for the 2023-24 school year to make obtaining all 7 available DBQ points much easier than it used to be. Even better, as with free-response questions (FRQs) on all AP exams, scoring follows a very clear rubric. If you know the points available and what they require, you ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. AP Exams are regularly updated to align with best practices in college-level learning. Not all free-response questions on this page reflect the current exam, but the question types and the topics …Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. Continue your response to QUESTION 3 on this page. (b) Calculate and interpret the expected value for the number of gift cards a particular employee will receive in a 52-week year. Show your work. (c) Suppose that Agatha, an employee at the company, never receives a gift card for an entire 52-week year.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...In this video, Mr. Krug does a step-by-step walkthrough of Question 7 on the Free-Response section of the 2023 AP Chemistry exam.0:00 Introduction0:50 Prob...The AP English Literature and Composition Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. There will also be a consistent range of difficulty in the reading passages across all versions of the exam from year to year. The free-response questions will be ...AP ® Psychology 2023 Free-Response Questions 2. Michael is the regional manager for a car company and needs to give a presentation to the president of the company about how different management styles might relate to the total number of sales of the company's new electric car. He hires an industrial/organizational psychologist to study three ...The Complete AP Biology Review Guide for 2023. Reviewing for the AP Biology exam can seem daunting. There's so much material to cover, and much of it is highly complex. However, if you plan your time well and use appropriate study materials and strategies, you can expect a great score on the exam. In this article, I'll give you an overview of ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]: 3A Score: 5. Part (a): 1 point. The response earned the point for part (a) because the response calculates total fixed cost as $72 and shows the work. Part (b): 1 point. The response earned the point in part (b) because the response identifies a price of $14 and a quantity of 6. Part (c): 1 point.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected] free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. AP Exams are regularly updated to align with best practices in college-level learning. Not all free-response questions on this page reflect the current exam, but the question types and the topics are ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Title: Scoring Statistics from the 2023 AP Exam Administration : AP English Literature and Composition - Set 1 Author: College Board Subject: AP; Advanced Placement

1. Commit to learning what gets you points on the AP® US Government and Politics exam by reviewing past rubrics and scoring guidelines. 2. Underline or circle every bolded and capitalized word in the question prompt. 3. Plan your response BEFORE beginning to write your response. 4.. Geneva il metra schedule

ap frq 2023

• The exact value of ( ) 150 0 1 150 ∫ g t dt is 12 25sin . 125 16 • A response may present the average value formula in single or multiple steps. For example, the following response earns both points: ( ) Note: Some questions and scoring guidelines from the 2023 and earlier AP U.S. Government and Politics Exams may not perfectly align with the course and exam updates that take effect in the 2023-24 school year.These questions remain available because teachers say that imperfectly aligned questions still provide instructional value. 2023: Free-Response QuestionsThe College Board states that the AP Macroeconomics FRQ require students to complete four main tasks: Make assertions about economic concepts, principles, models, outcomes, and/or effects. Explain economic concepts, principles, models, outcomes, and/or effects. Perform numerical analysis. Create graphs or visual representations.2023 AP Calculus AB Free Response Questions Louis A. Talman, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Mathematics Metropolitan State University of Denver May 16, 2023 1. (a) The integral …AP Computer Science A Java Quick Reference—2004-2019 Exams This Java Quick Reference lists the accessible methods from the Java library that may have been included on exams before the 2019-20 school year. This version should be used in conjunction with released free-response questions from 2004-2019.1. Commit to learning what gets you points on the AP® US Government and Politics exam by reviewing past rubrics and scoring guidelines. 2. Underline or circle every bolded and capitalized word in the question prompt. 3. Plan your response BEFORE beginning to write your response. 4.Part 2 of the 2022-23 AP Coordinator's Manual This book—2022-23 AP Exam Instructions AP Exam Seating Chart template Pencil sharpener. Container for students' electronic devices (if needed) Extra No. 2 pencils with erasers Extra pens with black or dark blue ink Lined paper Stapler Watch Signs for the door to the testing room. "Exam in ...Solution to WeatherData, #3 from the 2023 AP CS A Exam Free ResponseMay 9, 2024 · 2 Questions | 50 minutes | 33.3% of Exam Score. Questions will ask students to do the following: Explain behavior and apply theories using concepts from different theoretical frameworks or subdomains in the field. Analyze psychological research studies, including analyzing and interpreting quantitative data. May 15, 2023 · These answers reflect both my own experience teaching the course as well as valuable feedback from colleagues who examined the initial draft. You may click the links below to download the sample FRQ responses for both released versions of the 2023 AP® US Government and Politics exam. The Yuga Labs digital land sale this weekend, a mass mint of new NFTs that temporarily clogged the Ethereum blockchain, is not just making money for the company behind the new set ...AP® Microeconomics 2023 Free-Response Questions. 2. Keepdry produces and sells rain jackets in a perfectly competitive product market at the price of per jacket. $5. and hires all the workers it needs in a perfectly competitive labor market at …Click here to see the solutions to the 2023 AP Released Free Response questions. As always, your corrections and suggestions are welcome--> e-mail your corrections or suggestions by . clicking here. [the questions are not included as they are copyrighted]These answers reflect both my own experience teaching the course as well as valuable feedback from colleagues who examined the initial draft. You may click the links below to download the sample FRQ responses for both released versions of the 2023 AP® US Government and Politics exam.The 2020 free-response questions are available in the AP Classroom question bank. Download free-response questions from past AP Comparative Government and Politics exams, along with scoring guidelines and sample responses.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]: o A response that addresses center using definitive language such as “the mean (median) of the distribution is 11.5” cannot satisfy component 3 .Each essentially correct (E) part counts as 1 point, and each partially correct (P) part counts as 1⁄2 point. If a response is between two scores (for example, 2 1⁄2 points), use a holistic approach to decide whether to score up or down, depending on the strength of the response and quality of the communication.Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® Chemistry 2023 Scoring Commentary. Question 7 (continued) point in part (c) was not earned for stating that [OH−] does not change. The response indicates that the reverse rate increases, but the final concentration of OH− is based on equilibrium, not on the rate at which equilibrium is ....

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