2024 Flubromazolam vs xanax

The first documented seizure of bromazolam in Europe was in Sweden in 2016 (38), while reports first appeared in the USA in 2019 (24). In the USA, its detection increased from 1% of samples in the first quarter of 2021 to 13% in the second quarter of 2022 and to 37.4% in the second quarter of 2023 (38,39). XANAX (alprazolam) is indicated to treat anxiety disorders and for the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety. XANAX is also indicated to treat panic disorder with or without a fear of places and situations that might cause panic, helplessness, or embarrassment (agoraphobia). Please see Full Prescribing Information, including BOXED WARNING ... Oct 31, 2022 · Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088. Alprazolam (Xanax, Xanax XR, Niravam) is an anti-anxiety drug that belongs to the benzodiazepine class. Common side effects are fatigue, constipation, changes in weight, and addiction (dependency). Withdrawal symptoms are headaches, anxiety, nausea and vomiting. The recommended starting oral dosage of XANAX for the acute treatment of patients with GAD is 0.25 mg to. 0.5 mg administered three times daily. Depending upon the response, the dosage may be adjusted at intervals of every 3 to 4 days. The maximum recommended dosage is 4 mg daily (in divided doses).Some examples of nerve pills include Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ativan and Tranxene, according to the University of Rochester Medical Center.Flubromazolam (JYI-73) is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD), which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives. Flubromazolam is reputed to be highly potent, and concerns have been raised that clonazolam and flubromazolam in particular may pose comparatively higher risks than other designer benzodiazepines, due to their ability to produce strong …Nov 23, 2022 · Xanax vs. Xanax XR. There are two kinds of Xanax tablets. One form of Xanax tablets is immediate release. This means all the medication is released into your system soon after the tablet dissolves After effects the next day feels like the next day after a moderate dose of Xanax. Excellent drug. It's a shame to let tolerance increase on this as it's so effective at a low dose. Flubromazolam: Kicks in quick and feels like a Xanax bar (2mg) at a dose of 0.5mg. I tried 0.25mg at first and it was subtle. 0.5mg on the other hand will pass me ...Summary. Klonopin (clonazepam) and Xanax (alprazolam) are two FDA-approved medications for treating adult anxiety disorders. Klonopin can also be used to prevent seizures in adults and children. Both drugs are …3.9. Flubromazolam. Flubromazolam is a substituted BZD, structurally related to pyrazolam from which it differs due to the substitution of a 2-fluorophenyl instead of a 2-pyridinyl group at position 6. Moreover, it is the triazolo-analogue of flubromazepam and it is structurally related to alprazolam and triazolam [90-93]. The substance has ...History of Xanax Use. Xanax is most commonly prescribed to treat: Anxiety. Panic disorders. Dr. Leo Sternbach created the first benzodiazepine—chlordiazepoxide (Librium)—in 1956 in an attempt to create safer, less addictive alternatives to traditional tranquilizer drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates, and meprobamate.Side Effects. See also Warning section. Drowsiness, dizziness, increased saliva production, nausea, constipation, or change in sex drive /ability may occur. If any of these effects last or get ...Abstract. Context: In addition to designer benzodiazepines such as etizolam, deschloroetizolam, pyrazolam, diclazepam, nifoxipam, or clonazolam, a new psychoactive substance like flubromazolam, triazole of flubromazepam has become available.Alcohol and Xanax both increase activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain and the overall activity of the central nervous system. This chemical causes a sedative effect. When depressants are mixed together, over-sedation occurs, which can then result in respiratory depression, cardiac arrest, and ... Flubromazolam is a triazole analogue of the designer benzodiazepine, flubromazepam. As a class of drugs, benzodiazepines produce central nervous system (CNS) depression and are commonly used to treat, panic disorders, anxiety and insomnia. The United States Food and Drug Administration has not approved Flubromazolam for therapeutic use. SmartAsset's retirement checklist can help you figure out if you are in good standing for retirement. Analyze these 8 items to see how ready you are. Calculators Helpful Guides Com...Generic Xanax XR. Used for Panic Disorder. Alprazolam ER (Xanax XR) is a long-acting benzodiazepine. It's taken by mouth once daily to treat panic disorder in adults. Alprazolam ER (Xanax XR) can cause drowsiness, but less so compared to short-acting alprazolam (Xanax). Don't take alprazolam ER (Xanax XR) with alcohol because doing …There is only one distinction between the various benzodiazepines. Xanax (alprazolam) and Ativan (lorazepam) are short-acting. Klonopin (clonazepan) and Valium (diazepam) are longer-acting. The ...Xanax (also called alprazolam) is one of the most well-known anti-anxiety medications, says Alex Dimitriu, M.D., a double board-certified physician in psychiatry and sleep medicine and founder of ... XANAX (alprazolam) is indicated to treat anxiety disorders and for the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety. XANAX is also indicated to treat panic disorder with or without a fear of places and situations that might cause panic, helplessness, or embarrassment (agoraphobia). Please see Full Prescribing Information, including BOXED WARNING ... Xanax (Zanax) is a tranquilizer used in the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety or the treatment of anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorder is marked by unrealistic worry or excessive fears and concerns. Anxiety associated with depression is also …By now, all companies are fundamentally data driven. This is true regardless of whether they operate in the tech space. Therefore, it makes sense to examine the role data managemen...And it has no euphoria at all its completely hypnotic like a z drug. People raving about flualp lately is really crazy. When it first came out it was known how disappointing it was because it is nothing like xanax and its basically only good for sleep. I really would go with clonazolam. Flubromazolam is better than flualp as well.A cure for some and a curse for others, widely prescribed anti-anxiety medication is examined by patients and experts in this revealing documentary. Watch trailers & learn more.Anxiety Associated With Depression. Decrease initial dose to 0.25 mg PO q8-12hr; may gradually increase if needed and as tolerated; may increase every 3-4 days by ≤ 1 mg/day to 1-4 mg/day. Maintenance: 1-4 mg/day PO divided q8hr. Dosing Considerations. Use smallest effective dose to avoid ataxia and oversedation.Ativan and Xanax are both benzodiazepines used for the treatment of anxiety, and both are equally effective for this use. The differences are: Xanax has a quicker onset of effect, but a shorter duration of action (4 to 6 hours) compared with Ativan’s 8 hours. Sedative and performance-impairing effects may occur sooner with Xanax, but ...Common side effects of Ambien vs. Xanax. The most common side effects of Ambien are drowsiness, dizziness, headache, and diarrhea. Other side effects may occur, such as palpitations, a drugged feeling, lightheadedness, abnormal dreams, and sinusitis. Side effects of Xanax usually increase with higher doses.Diazepam (Valium) is a benzodiazepine. It's used to treat symptoms of anxiety and alcohol withdrawal. It can also treat certain types of muscle spasms and seizures. Diazepam (Valium) comes as a tablet and liquid solution. It's taken by mouth, typically 2 to 4 times daily. Some common side effects of diazepam (Valium) include sleepiness ...Generic Xanax Availability. Last updated on Apr 10, 2024. See also: Generic Xanax XR. Xanax is a brand name of alprazolam, approved by the FDA in the following formulation(s): XANAX (alprazolam - tablet;oral) Manufacturer: UPJOHN Approved Prior to Jan 1, 1982 Strength(s): 0.25MG , 0.5MG , 1MG ; Manufacturer: …Xanax forms and strengths. Xanax is available as an immediate-release tablet in four different milligram (mg) dose strengths. Tablets: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg. Other dosage forms include extended-release tablets (Xanax XR), orally disintegrating tablets, or oral solutions for easier administration.Abstract. Flubromazolam is widely known as highly potent designer benzodiazepine (DBZD). Recently, the two flubromazolam-derived new psychoactive …Xanax has an average half-life of roughly 11 hours in healthy adults. In other words, it takes 11 hours for the average healthy person to eliminate half of the dose of Xanax. However, it’s ...This can make it dangerous for people taking benzodiazepines to drive or operate machinery or perform other hazardous tasks. Alcohol may potentiate these effects. Other commonly reported side effects include: amnesia (forgetfulness) confusion. constipation. nausea. sexual dysfunction. unsteadiness when walking or standing.Xanax withdrawal symptoms can be safely managed by developing a gradual taper with your doctor, slowly decreasing your dose over weeks or months. Common and serious Xanax withdrawal …Xanax has the advantage of only being used for anxiety as needed. The disadvantage of Xanax is that it can be addictive. Buspirone and Xanax (alprazolam) are medications used to treat anxiety.1 However, buspirone is not related to Xanax and is not a sedative. The advantage of buspirone is that it does not have the potential for abuse.Xanax withdrawal symptoms can be safely managed by developing a gradual taper with your doctor, slowly decreasing your dose over weeks or months. Common and serious Xanax withdrawal …Seroquel (quetiapine) and Xanax ( alprazolam) are used to treat psychiatric disorders. Seroquel is used to treat schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar disorder. Xanax is prescribed to treat panic attacks and anxiety disorders. Seroquel and Xanax belong to different drug classes.The average dose of XANAX was 5-6 mg/day in two of the studies, and the doses of XANAX were fixed at 2 and 6 mg/day in the third study. In all three studies, XANAX was superior to placebo on a variable defined as "the number of patients with zero panic attacks" (range, 37 83% met this criterion), as well as on a global improvement score. To take a Flubromazolam tab twice a week and be anxiety free for the most part. OR deal with the anxiety and take 2mg of xanax every time I feel a panic attack coming on, which happens roughly 3 times a week. Any and all opinions and input is appreciated. Using benzo continuously to treat anxiety is not a good idea in any way. Flubromazolam (JYI-73) is a novel synthetic depressant substance of the benzodiazepine, and specifically, the triazolobenzodiazepine class which produces anxiolytic, disinhibiting, sedative, muscle relaxant, and memory suppressing effects when administered. It is incredibly potent (active in the microgram range) with an unusually long 18 hour duration. Thus, it poses comparatively higher risks ... XANAX (alprazolam) is indicated to treat anxiety disorders and for the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety. XANAX is also indicated to treat panic disorder with or without a fear of places and situations that might cause panic, helplessness, or embarrassment (agoraphobia). Please see Full Prescribing Information, including BOXED WARNING ... 2005-03-25. Modify: 2024-05-03. Description. Alprazolam is a member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H- [1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug. The Community Drug Strategy has received confirmation of a new potent substance, flubromazolam, circulating in Sudbury and Manitoulin districts. Flubromazolam, also known as “liquid Xanax”, is a potent designer benzodiazepine (benzo). Consuming flubromazolam can result in strong sedation and partial amnesia …Xanax ( alprazolam ) is a member of the benzodiazepines drug class and is commonly used for Anxiety, and Panic Disorder. The cost for Xanax oral tablet 0.25 mg is around $583 for a supply of 100 tablets, depending on the pharmacy you visit. Quoted prices are for cash-paying customers and are not valid with insurance plans.Xanax User Reviews & Ratings. Xanax has an average rating of 8.7 out of 10 from a total of 830 reviews on Drugs.com. 83% of reviewers reported a positive experience, while 8% reported a negative experience. Condition.For oral dosage forms (solution, tablets, or orally disintegrating tablets): Adults—At first, 0.25 to 0.5 milligram (mg) 3 times a day. Your doctor may increase your dose as needed. However, the dose is usually not more than 4 mg per day. Older adults—At first, 0.25 mg 2 or 3 times a day.The recommended starting oral dosage of XANAX for the treatment of PD is 0.5 mg three times daily. Depending on the response, the dosage may be increased at intervals of every 3 to 4 days in increments of no more than 1 mg per day. Controlled trials of XANAX in the treatment of panic disorder included dosages in the range of 1 mg to 10 mg daily ... Side Effects. See also Warning section. Drowsiness, dizziness, increased saliva production, nausea, constipation, or change in sex drive /ability may occur. If any of these effects last or get ... Yeah thankfully i'm stacking up my valium and xanax scripts while using flubromazolam 1mg caps, 1mg being a hefty dose, i've developed a technique where i'm able to take about 1/3 or 1/2 of the contents abd whatever slight spillage i might drop, well, I open the capsule over a red plastic large baggie and just wet my index and put and put the ...Xanax® Oral tablet: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg; Xanax XR® Extended release oral tablet: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg; All FDA warnings are at the end of this fact sheet. Please consult them before taking this medication. What Is Alprazolam and What Does It Treat? Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine.Purple Xanax Bar. This is a popular form of medication manufactured by Pfizer. These round pills contain 2 mg of alprazolam and have the name of the drug and A23 imprinted on them. For anxiety disorders, the commonly prescribed dose is 0.25 or 0.5 mg. The maximum dose corresponds to about 2 purple Alprazolam footballs.The average dose of XANAX was 5 mg to 6 mg per day in 2 of the studies, and the doses of XANAX were fixed at 2 mg and 6 mg per day in the third study. In all 3 studies, XANAX was superior to placebo on a variable defined as “the number of patients with zero panic attacks” (range, 37% to 83% met this criterion), as well as on a global ...Online designer benzodiazepines began with diclazepam, flubromazepam, and pyrazolam, and most recently expanded to include clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, nifoxipam, meclonazepam, and notably, flubromazolam. 2 Flubromazepam, pyrazolam, and flubromazolam are structurally similar and classified as narcotic substances in Sweden.It is an agonizing spot to be in: You’re having panic attacks but you worry that taking anxiety medications during pregnancy will harm your baby. Research on the topic has been spo...sweating. tachycardia (fast heartbeat) changes in vision. nausea. restlessness. tremors. confusion. If you’re predisposed to seizures, your risk of having a seizure may also increase during the ...Purple Xanax Bar. This is a popular form of medication manufactured by Pfizer. These round pills contain 2 mg of alprazolam and have the name of the drug and A23 imprinted on them. For anxiety disorders, the commonly prescribed dose is 0.25 or 0.5 mg. The maximum dose corresponds to about 2 purple Alprazolam footballs.Flubromazolam, also known as “liquid Xanax” or JYI-73, is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZDs) analog of the designer benzodiazepine, …Generic Xanax Availability. Last updated on Apr 10, 2024. See also: Generic Xanax XR. Xanax is a brand name of alprazolam, approved by the FDA in the following formulation(s): XANAX (alprazolam - tablet;oral) Manufacturer: UPJOHN Approved Prior to Jan 1, 1982 Strength(s): 0.25MG , 0.5MG , 1MG ; Manufacturer: UPJOHN Side Effects. See also Warning section. Drowsiness, dizziness, increased saliva production, nausea, constipation, or change in sex drive /ability may occur. If any of these effects last or get ... Online designer benzodiazepines began with diclazepam, flubromazepam, and pyrazolam, and most recently expanded to include clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, nifoxipam, meclonazepam, and notably, flubromazolam. 2 Flubromazepam, pyrazolam, and flubromazolam are structurally similar and classified as narcotic substances in Sweden.Benzodiazepine Harm Reduction Tips. 🥣 Don’t mix — Mixing benzodiazepines with other depressants (alcohol, GHB, phenibut, barbiturates, opiates) can be fatal. ⏳ Take frequent breaks or plan for a short treatment span — Benzodiazepines can form dependence quickly, so it’s important to stop using the drug periodically.Etizolam, flualprazolam and flubromazolam were recently identified in counterfeit Xanax tablets in Canada, and their use is increasing also in Central and South America, mainly in Brazil, Chile and Paraguay [54,144]. Surprisingly, no updated data on DBZD are available from Asia, although most NPS are synthesized in this area of the world.Aug 23, 2023 · Alprazolam side effects. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to alprazolam: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Alprazolam can slow or stop your breathing, especially if you have recently used an opioid medication or alcohol. Differences (Summary): Klonopin vs. Xanax. Included below is a summary of notable differences between Klonopin and Xanax. Cost: While the price of generic Klonopin and generic Xanax (standard tablets and orally-disintegrating tablets) doesn’t differ much – the cost of brand name Klonopin differs substantially from the cost of brand name ...No, Xanax is not a narcotic. Xanax is a prescription medication in a class of drugs called benzodiazepines ().While not a narcotic (opioid) itself, it’s possible it may be prescribed along with opioids, but this can be harmful.. Xanax is typically prescribed to relieve anxiety disorders, panic attacks or depression.Xanax works by calming the …The recommended starting oral dosage of XANAX for the acute treatment of patients with GAD is 0.25 mg to. 0.5 mg administered three times daily. Depending upon the response, the dosage may be adjusted at intervals of every 3 to 4 days. The maximum recommended dosage is 4 mg daily (in divided doses).Rare/Serious side effects. Shortness of breath, trouble speaking, feeling very tired, dizziness, or passing out. Increased heart rate, headache, memory impairment, irritability, and restlessness may occur. Some people taking benzodiazepines develop a severe allergic reaction and swelling of the face.It is an agonizing spot to be in: You’re having panic attacks but you worry that taking anxiety medications during pregnancy will harm your baby. Research on the topic has been spo...Xanax is potentially addictive and may cause emotional or physical dependence that may lead to overdose or death. Before prescribing Xanax assess a person's risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction. Withdrawal symptoms (including convulsions, tremors, cramps, vomiting, sweating, or insomnia) may occur with abrupt discontinuation; taper off slowly ...Valium is a brand name for diazepam, while Xanax is a brand name for alprazolam. Both drugs act like minor tranquilizers. Valium and Xanax both help to increase the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that sends inhibitory signals through the nervous system. When there is not enough GABA, feelings of anxiety …According to a study conducted by Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Flubromazolam has produced life-threatening side effects in individuals with as little as 3 mg ingested. What Is Flubromazolam? 1. Traditional benzos, such as Xanax or Klonopin, are typically prescribed to treat anxiety disorders and insomnia.Difficulty concentrating. Feelings of unreality. Hallucinations. Panic attacks. Restlessness. Xanax is a high-potency drug, which makes its withdrawal symptoms more intense than symptoms of withdrawal from other types of benzodiazepines such as Valium (diazepam). The Best Online Help for Depression of 2024.History of Xanax Use. Xanax is most commonly prescribed to treat: Anxiety. Panic disorders. Dr. Leo Sternbach created the first benzodiazepine—chlordiazepoxide (Librium)—in 1956 in an attempt to create safer, less addictive alternatives to traditional tranquilizer drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates, and meprobamate.Generic Xanax Availability. Last updated on Apr 10, 2024. See also: Generic Xanax XR. Xanax is a brand name of alprazolam, approved by the FDA in the following formulation(s): XANAX (alprazolam - tablet;oral) Manufacturer: UPJOHN Approved Prior to Jan 1, 1982 Strength(s): 0.25MG , 0.5MG , 1MG ; Manufacturer: UPJOHNFlubromazolam, also known as “liquid Xanax” or JYI-73, is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZDs) analog of the designer benzodiazepine, …Bromazolam (XLI-268) is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) which was first synthesised in 1976, but was never marketed. It has subsequently been sold as a designer drug, first …Xanax withdrawal symptoms can be safely managed by developing a gradual taper with your doctor, slowly decreasing your dose over weeks or months. Common and serious Xanax withdrawal …Xanax Effects. When taken orally, Xanax is rapidly absorbed. Thus, effects can be experienced within 30 minutes and can last up to roughly 6 hours. 3 The most common adverse effects of alprazolam include impaired coordination, low blood pressure, difficulty speaking, and increased libido. 5. Additional adverse effects of Xanax include: 1,3.Mar 15, 2024 ... Flubromazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine (i.e., a benzodiazepine derivative). Users report heavy hypnotic and sedative effects, long-lasting ...Valium is a brand name for diazepam, while Xanax is a brand name for alprazolam. Both drugs act like minor tranquilizers. Valium and Xanax both help to increase the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that sends inhibitory signals through the nervous system. When there is not enough GABA, feelings of anxiety …

Eligible patients may pay a minimum of $4 per monthly prescription fill. By using this Savings Offer, eligible patients may receive a savings of up to $125 per fill off their co-pay or out-of-pocket costs. This Savings Offer is available for a maximum savings of $1,500 per year ($125 per month x 12 months).. How to configure a comcast router

Jun 24, 2021 · The use of Xanax and opioid drugs may cause severe side effects, including extreme sleepiness and respiratory depression (slow or weak breathing). Other severe side effects include coma and, in ... Extended-release tablets: Initial dose: 0.5 to 1 mg orally once a day. Maintenance dose: 3 to 6 mg orally per day, preferably in the morning. Maximum dose: 10 mg/day. Comments: The lowest possible effective dose should be administered and the need for continued treatment reassessed frequently. Dosage should be reduced gradually when ...Anxiety Associated With Depression. Decrease initial dose to 0.25 mg PO q8-12hr; may gradually increase if needed and as tolerated; may increase every 3-4 days by ≤ 1 mg/day to 1-4 mg/day. Maintenance: 1-4 mg/day PO divided q8hr. Dosing Considerations. Use smallest effective dose to avoid ataxia and oversedation.Purple Xanax Bar. This is a popular form of medication manufactured by Pfizer. These round pills contain 2 mg of alprazolam and have the name of the drug and A23 imprinted on them. For anxiety disorders, the commonly prescribed dose is 0.25 or 0.5 mg. The maximum dose corresponds to about 2 purple Alprazolam footballs.Reporter. A 19-year-old Franklin man has been charged after two police chases on May 9, spanning more than 22 miles. The chaotic pursuit ended at Interstate …Generic Xanax Availability. Last updated on Apr 10, 2024. See also: Generic Xanax XR. Xanax is a brand name of alprazolam, approved by the FDA in the following formulation(s): XANAX (alprazolam - tablet;oral) Manufacturer: UPJOHN Approved Prior to Jan 1, 1982 Strength(s): 0.25MG , 0.5MG , 1MG ; Manufacturer: …Ativan (lorazepam) and Xanax (alprazolam) are very similar, but they also have notable differences, including: How fast they work : Xanax is the most rapid-acting benzodiazepine with the fastest relief of symptoms. Once taken, it starts working within 30 minutes. In contrast, Ativan may peak in two hours.Flubromazolam is widely known as highly potent designer benzodiazepine (DBZD). Recently, the two flubromazolam-derived new psychoactive substances (NPS) clobromazolam and bromazolam appeared on the drugs of abuse market. Since no information concerning their toxicokinetics in humans is available, th ….Zoloft (sertraline) is an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) that is indicated for the treatment of depression and other psychological conditions. An SSRI works by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain, helping improve symptoms. Xanax (alprazolam) is a benzodiazepine drug, which works in the central nervous system (CNS).(Street Name: Liquid Xanax) Introduction . Flubromazolam is a triazole analogue of the designer benzodiazepine, flubromazepam. As a class of drugs, benzodiazepines …Sep 26, 2022 · Some dosage forms listed on this page may not apply to the brand name Xanax. Applies to alprazolam: oral solution, oral tablet, oral tablet disintegrating, oral tablet extended release. Serious side effects of Xanax. Along with its needed effects, alprazolam (the active ingredient contained in Xanax) may cause some unwanted effects. Final Flubromazolam A. ] ] o Z À ] Á Z } W &>h ZKD K> D . Æ } u u ] } v µ P v v & } Ç r Z ] D ] v P . ' v À U í î t î ì K } î ì î ì . 7KLV UHSRUW FRQWDLQV WKH YLHZV RI DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO JURXS RI H[SHUWV DQG GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ UHSUHVHQW WKH GHFLVLRQV RU WKH VWDWHG SROLF\ RI WKH :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ . .

Popular Topics